Experimental Analysis of Ultra Wideband In Vivo Radio Channel

In this paper, we present the experimental analysis of in vivo wireless channel response on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) with the frequencies between 3.1-10.6 GHz. The analysis proves the location dependent based characteristics of in vivo channel. The results clearly show the highly multipath scenario. It can also be observed that the multipath effect of the channel is much higher in the denser areas, i.e. an antenna placed within the intestine area or inside the stomach. Results prove that in vivo channel is different from a conventional communication channel and therefore extensive studies need to be done to understand the channel

Mathematical modeling of ultra wideband in vivo radio channel

This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for an in vivo radio channel at ultra-wideband frequencies (3.1–10.6 GHz), which can be used as a reference model for in vivo channel response without performing intensive experiments or simulations. The statistics of error prediction between experimental and proposed model is RMSE = 5.29, which show the high accuracy of the proposed model. Also, the proposed model was applied to the blind data, and the statistics of error prediction is RMSE = 7.76, which also shows a reasonable accuracy of the model. This model will save the time and cost on simulations and experiments, and will help in designing an accurate link budget calculation for a future enhanced system for ultra-wideband body-centric wireless systems

Bit Error Rate Performance of In-vivo Radio Channel Using Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation

In this paper we present the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of equalizers using in-vivo channel response measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Including the use of a Bandwidth (BW) of 50 MHz in the simulations, the results are compared with multiple equalizers and it is shown that Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) equalizer outperformed the rest of the equalizers including linear equalizers Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive least sequence (RLS) and non-linear equalizer Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). The BER performance using MLSE showed significant improvement by improving the BER and outperforming the linear equalizer from 10 −2 to 10 −6 and DFE from 10 −4 to 10 −6 at Eb/No=14 dB for in vivo radio communication channel at ultra wideband (UWB) frequencies. Furthermore, the un-equalized and equalized channel frequency response spectrum is also part of this article which presents the overall improvement between the two spectrums

Compensações e emissões de gases de efeito estufa oriundas das atividades de manejo florestal para a implantação de um sistema de monotrilho em São Paulo

Orientador: Prof. MSe. Alexandre BehlingMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Especialização em Projetos Sustentáveis, Mudanças Climáticas e Mercado de CarbonoInclui referênciasResumo: No contexto de temas importantes para a sociedade, como: mudanças climáticas e mobilidade urbana, o sistema de monotrilho surge como alternativa de transporte integradora, sustentável e com custos menores comparados ao metrô convencional. Dada a expansão e relevância dos sistemas metro-ferroviários para a região metropolitana de São Paulo, o presente trabalho visa avaliar as emissões e remoções de gases de efeito estufa provenientes das atividades de manejo florestal para a construção de um sistema de monotrilho na zona sul do Município de São Paulo. Desta forma pretende-se estimular o desenvolvimento de inventários de emissões de gases de efeito estufa para a fase de implantação de sistemas metro-ferroviários. Neste estudo, o manejo florestal contempla: a supressão corte de 249 exemplares arbóreos, o transplante de 346 exemplares arbóreos e o plantio de 2.408 mudas. Após a elaboração de inventário florestal para as espécies arbóreas localizadas na área de influência do empreendimento, estimou-se a quantidade de dióxido de carbono equivalente nos indivíduos arbóreos suprimidos e suas respectivas emissões devido ao seu aproveitamento energético na indústria. As emissões oriundas das demais fontes relacionadas ao manejo arbóreo foram estimadas a partir de metodologia do GHG Protocol. O crescimento das mudas plantadas, devido à compensação ambiental, é a única fonte de sequestro de dióxido de carbono. A partir da aplicação da metodologia, obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: os exemplares suprimidos estocam 59,55 toneladas de CO2eq, as emissões totais de gases de efeito estufa são de 65,78 toneladas de CO2eq e as remoções totais de gases de efeito estufa são de 337,12 toneladas de CO2eq. Concluiu-se que, no curto prazo, as atividades de manejo arbóreo para implantação do sistema de monotrilho aumentam as emissões de gases de efeito estufa do município de São Paulo. Entretanto, no longo prazo, as remoções de gases de efeito estufa superam as emissões, originando um saldo positivo, aproximadamente 4,5 vezes maior do que no cenário de não implantação do monotrilho

Evaluation of ultra-wideband in vivo radio channel and its effects on system performance

This paper presents bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance analysis and improvement using equalizers for an in vivo radio channel at ultra‐wideband frequencies (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz). By conducting simulations using a bandwidth of 50 MHz, we observed that the in vivo radio channel is affected by small‐scale fading. This fading results in intersymbol interference affecting upcoming symbol transmission, causing delayed versions of the symbols to arrive at the receiver side and causes increase in BER. A 29‐taps channel was observed from the experimentally measured data using a human cadaver, and BER was calculated for the measured in vivo channel response along with the ideal additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh channel models. Linear and nonlinear adaptive equalizers, ie, decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and least mean square (LMS), were used to improve the BER performance of the in vivo radio channel. It is noticed that both the equalizers improve the BER but DFE has better BER compared to LMS and shows the 2‐dB and 4‐dB performance gains of DFE over the LMS at Eb/No = 12 dB and at Eb/No = 14 dB, respectively. The current findings will help guide future researchers and designers in enhancing systems performance of an ultra‐wideband in vivo wireless systems

Location Dependent Channel Characteristics for Implantable Devices

This paper presents an impact on an in-vivo channel with respect to the position of ex-vivo antenna placement and its location. The paper also shows how the location of the antenna is impacting the channel. Three different parts are considered for the simulations using measured data for 500 MHz bandwidth. The results in the paper present the high location dependent characteristics of the in-vivo channel in the context of changing the position of the ex-vivo antenna. These findings can help in the system design for the future of the implantable devices design to be placed inside the human body

Efficient Routing in VANETs Using MRRP Algorithm

Designing a reliable routing protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) poses considerable challenges due to certain unique challenges inherently present in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) topology. Some of them are needed for vehicles acting as nodes having to abide by traffic rules, uncertain inter-vehicular speed variations that may affect link stability etc. Designing a routing protocol capable of dealing with multiple limiting conditions such as long congestion periods, link failures and handoffs is a challenging task, where most of the existing multipath routing protocol shows poor performance. In this paper, the proposed Multipath Route Restoration Protocol (MRRP)is aimed at providing a robust communication channel in case of link failure between nodes. This is realized by focusing on better route maintenance for the protocol. In a wireless network, a routing protocol determines the particular ways in which routers connect. In a wireless network, as the number of hops in a wireless communication path increases, various signal factors such as interference and path loss degrade the network performance. however, sending data over a longer distance will reduce throughput. Furthermore, link stability is substantially impacted by the unpredictable movement of vehicles. Multipath routing is regarded as a potential solution to improve packet delivery and end-to-end delay in VANETs

The impacts of social media on University students in Iraq

The rapid increase in the era of the technological revolution and the Internet, especially the social media, have created a new reality in the daily life of the societies in general and of the university students in particular, so this new reality without any doubt imposes on us the general effects of this increasing use of social media has affected all areas and societies The effects are positive and negative. These social means have become a vast space for exchanging ideas, making new friends, proposals, sources of information, business and e-shopping. In this study, we have decided to shed light on the academic, political and economic effects of the study by comparing them to the general effects of social media by looking at the demographic variables of Iraqi university students. Three universities (Kerbela University in the Middle Euphrates, UOITC University in the capital Baghdad and Tikrit University in western Iraq) where we considered spatial, cultural and social differences. Data collected through a survey consisting of four categories, General Influences, Academic Influences, Political Influences and Influences Business (distributed over 40 questions) We tried to cover most of the students' common uses of social media and their impact on them. The questionnaire was distributed through 100 questionnaires to each university. The total number of participants was (201) distributed on (77) participants from Karbala University, (50) participants from Tikrit University and (74) participants from the University of Information and Communication Technology (UOITC)

Multiple DGs for Reducing Total Power Losses in Radial Distribution Systems Using Hybrid WOA-SSA Algorithm

Distributed generators (DGs) are currently extensively used to reduce power losses and voltage deviations in distribution networks. The optimal location and size of DGs achieve the best results. This study presents a novel hybridization of new metaheuristic optimizations in the last two years, namely, salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA), for optimal placement and size of multi-DG units in radial distribution systems to minimize total real power losses (kW) and solve voltage deviation. This hybrid algorithm is implemented on IEEE 13- and 123-node radial distribution test systems. The OpenDSS engine is used to solve the power flow to find the power system parameters, such power losses, and the voltage profile through the MATLAB coding interface. Results describe the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid WOA-SSA algorithm compared with those of the IEEE standard case (without DG), repeated load flow method, and WOA and SSA algorithms applied independently. The analysis results via the proposed algorithm are more effective for reducing total active power losses and enhancing the voltage profile for various distribution networks and multi-DG units